Methods for analytics-driven alarm rationalization, assessment of operator response, and incident diagnosis and related systems

ABSTRACT

A method includes identifying changes in an alarm count for at least one alarm to be generated in an industrial process control and automation system. The changes in the alarm count are based on a plurality of different sets of alarm settings. The method also includes presenting the changes in the alarm count to a user and receiving a selection of one of the sets of alarm settings. The method further includes configuring the industrial process control and automation system with the selected set of alarm settings to enable the industrial process control and automation system to generate alarms using the selected set of alarm settings.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to industrial process control andautomation systems. More specifically, this disclosure relates tomethods for analytics-driven alarm rationalization, assessment ofoperator response, and incident diagnosis and related systems.

BACKGROUND

Industrial alarm systems are often used to maintain plant safety andmeet regulatory requirements. An effective alarm system typicallycommunicates indications of abnormal process conditions or equipmentmalfunctions to plant operators, personnel monitoring and operatingindustrial processes, or personnel supporting any required response.However, alarm systems are often designed overcautiously, which can leadto the issuance of too many alarms or the suppression of critical eventinformation. Hence, without careful attention, alarm systems can becomemore of a liability than an asset over time.

An effective alarm management system may allow operators to focus onalarms that are critical or important, which in turn can improve plantoperations, reduce nuisance trips and equipment downtime, increase andsustain process throughput, improve asset availability, and reducemaintenance costs. To this end, standards such as IEC 62682 and ISA18.2provide guidance for identifying and eliminating nuisance alarms,performing thorough incident reviews, and managing alarm systems.

SUMMARY

This disclosure provides methods for analytics-driven alarmrationalization, assessment of operator response, and incident diagnosisand related systems.

In a first embodiment, a method includes identifying changes in an alarmcount for at least one alarm to be generated in an industrial processcontrol and automation system. The changes in the alarm count are basedon a plurality of different sets of alarm settings. The method alsoincludes presenting the changes in the alarm count to a user andreceiving a selection of one of the sets of alarm settings. The methodfurther includes configuring the industrial process control andautomation system with the selected set of alarm settings to enable theindustrial process control and automation system to generate the leastone alarm using the selected set of alarm settings.

In a second embodiment, a method includes, for each of multiple alarmtags, determining a probability that one of the alarm tags will appearwith another of the alarm tags in a group and storing the probabilitiesfor the alarm tags. The method also includes receiving a specified alarmtag and using the specified alarm tag to determine a probability ofoccurrence of a preceding alarm tag. In addition, the method includespresenting a recommendation to suppress the specified alarm tag inresponse to the probability of occurrence.

In a third embodiment, a method includes defining a graph representingalarm and event tags associated with an industrial process control andautomation system. The graph has the alarm and event tags associatedwith vertices and probabilities of occurrence associated with edgesconnecting the vertices. The method also includes identifying a sequenceof tags and comparing the sequence of tags with the graph to detect atag pattern. The method further includes, in response to detecting thetag pattern, presenting pattern information to a user. The patterninformation identifies one or more potential causes of the sequence oftags.

In a fourth embodiment, a method includes defining a graph representingalarm and operator action tags associated with an industrial processcontrol and automation system. The graph has the alarm and operatoraction tags associated with vertices and probabilities of occurrenceassociated with edges connecting the vertices. The method also includesidentifying relationships between the alarms and the operator actionsusing the graph. The method further includes identifying deviations ordiscrepancies of the operator responses from one or more allowableresponses.

An apparatus having at least one memory and at least one processorand/or a non-transitory computer readable medium containing instructionscan also be used to implement each of these methods (individually or inany combination).

Other technical features may be readily apparent to one skilled in theart from the following figures, descriptions, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is nowmade to the following description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example industrial process control and automationsystem according to this disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example device supporting rationalization andresolution of alarms in an industrial process control and automationsystem according to this disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example functional architecture supportingrationalization and resolution of alarms in an industrial processcontrol and automation system according to this disclosure;

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an example method for rationalizing nuisancealarms (such as chattering and fleeting alarms) according to thisdisclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for rationalizing duplicate alarmsaccording to this disclosure;

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an example method for rationalizing groups ofalarms according to this disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example method for rationalizing consequentialalarms according to this disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example method for identifying alarm-to-operatoraction relationships to aid in assessing operator responses according tothis disclosure;

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example method for assessing andevaluating operator responses according to this disclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method for finding event patternsaccording to this disclosure;

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate an example method for diagnosing incidentsand performing incident root cause analysis according to thisdisclosure;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example decision matrix that can be presented toa user according to this disclosure; and

FIG. 13 illustrates example contents of a knowledge model supportingrationalization and resolution of alarms according to this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 through 13, discussed below, and the various embodiments used todescribe the principles of the present invention in this patent documentare by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any wayto limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art willunderstand that the principles of the invention may be implemented inany type of suitably arranged device or system.

Many conventional alarm management systems provide reportingcapabilities, such as by identifying alarms or most frequent alarms.However, these systems do not aid in the process of analyzing andresolving the underlying causes of these alarms. For example,conventional systems may provide collated raw data but not the completeinformation needed by end users to make decisions with respect to alarmmanagement. Instead, conventional management systems often only supporta simple reporting mechanism, and repetitive and time-consuming expertanalysis is needed to draw conclusions from the limited information thatis made available. Moreover, many conventional alarm management systemsare not able to analyze the actions of human operators effectively orassess whether an operator response was consistent in terms of actionand time to respond for similar conditions or situations. Thisdisclosure provides techniques for overcoming these and other types ofproblems.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example industrial process control and automationsystem 100 according to this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, the system100 includes various components that facilitate production or processingof at least one product or other material. For instance, the system 100can be used to facilitate control over components in one or multipleindustrial plants. Each plant represents one or more processingfacilities (or one or more portions thereof), such as one or moremanufacturing facilities for producing at least one product or othermaterial. In general, each plant may implement one or more industrialprocesses and can individually or collectively be referred to as aprocess system. A process system generally represents any system orportion thereof configured to process one or more products or othermaterials in some manner.

In FIG. 1, the system 100 includes one or more sensors 102 a and one ormore actuators 102 b. The sensors 102 a and actuators 102 b representcomponents in a process system that may perform any of a wide variety offunctions. For example, the sensors 102 a could measure a wide varietyof characteristics in the process system, such as pressure, temperature,or flow rate. Also, the actuators 102 b could alter a wide variety ofcharacteristics in the process system. Each of the sensors 102 aincludes any suitable structure for measuring one or morecharacteristics in a process system. Each of the actuators 102 bincludes any suitable structure for operating on or affecting one ormore conditions in a process system.

At least one network 104 is coupled to the sensors 102 a and actuators102 b. The network 104 facilitates interaction with the sensors 102 aand actuators 102 b. For example, the network 104 could transportmeasurement data from the sensors 102 a and provide control signals tothe actuators 102 b. The network 104 could represent any suitablenetwork or combination of networks. As particular examples, the network104 could represent at least one Ethernet network, electrical signalnetwork (such as a HART network), pneumatic control signal network, orany other or additional type(s) of network(s).

The system 100 also includes various controllers 106. The controllers106 can be used in the system 100 to perform various functions in orderto control one or more industrial processes. For example, a first set ofcontrollers 106 may use measurements from one or more sensors 102 a tocontrol the operation of one or more actuators 102 b. A second set ofcontrollers 106 could be used to optimize the control logic or otheroperations performed by the first set of controllers. A third set ofcontrollers 106 could be used to perform additional functions. Thecontrollers 106 can communicate via one or more networks 108 andassociated switches, firewalls, and other components.

Each controller 106 includes any suitable structure for controlling oneor more aspects of an industrial process. At least some of thecontrollers 106 could, for example, representproportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers or multivariablecontrollers, such as controllers implementing model predictive controlor other advanced predictive control. As a particular example, eachcontroller 106 could represent a computing device running a real-timeoperating system, a WINDOWS operating system, or other operating system.

Operator access to and interaction with the controllers 106 and othercomponents of the system 100 can occur via various operator consoles110. Each operator console 110 could be used to provide information toan operator and receive information from an operator. For example, eachoperator console 110 could provide information identifying a currentstate of an industrial process to the operator, such as values ofvarious process variables and alarms associated with the industrialprocess. Each operator console 110 could also receive informationaffecting how the industrial process is controlled, such as by receivingset points or control modes for process variables controlled by thecontrollers 106 or other information that alters or affects how thecontrollers 106 control the industrial process. Each operator console110 includes any suitable structure for displaying information to andinteracting with an operator. For instance, each operator console 110could represent a computing device running a WINDOWS operating system orother operating system.

Multiple operator consoles 110 can be grouped together and used in oneor more control rooms 112. Each control room 112 could include anynumber of operator consoles 110 in any suitable arrangement. In someembodiments, multiple control rooms 112 can be used to control anindustrial plant, such as when each control room 112 contains operatorconsoles 110 used to manage a discrete part of the industrial plant.

The control and automation system 100 here also includes at least onehistorian 114 and one or more servers 116. The historian 114 representsa component that stores various information about the system 100. Thehistorian 114 could, for instance, store information that is generatedby the various controllers 106 during the control of one or moreindustrial processes, such as actual alarms. The historian 114 includesany suitable structure for storing and facilitating retrieval ofinformation. Although shown as a single component here, the historian114 could be located elsewhere in the system 100, or multiple historianscould be distributed in different locations in the system 100. Eachserver 116 denotes a computing device that executes applications forusers of the operator consoles 110 or other applications. Theapplications could be used to support various functions for the operatorconsoles 110, the controllers 106, or other components of the system100. Each server 116 could represent a computing device running aWINDOWS operating system or other operating system.

Various devices shown in FIG. 1 can generate alarms for users, such aswhen the controllers 106 generate alarms when values of processvariables associated with an industrial process are outside of theirrespective limits. Industrial processes are typically associated withhundreds or thousands of process variables, which can includecontrolled, manipulated, and disturbance variables. A controlledvariable generally denotes a variable whose value can be measured orinferred and that is controlled to be at or near a desired set point orwithin a desired range. A manipulated variable generally denotes avariable that can be altered in order to adjust one or more controlledvariables. A disturbance variable generally denotes a variable whosevalue can be considered but not controlled when determining how toadjust one or more manipulated variables to achieve desired changes toone or more controlled variables.

As described in more detail below, one or more of the components in FIG.1 (such as the operator consoles 110 or the server 116) provide an alarmmanagement tool that can be used to apply data analytics and workflow tosupport alarm rationalization and resolution. Among other things, thealarm management tool enables faster root cause analysis, as well asassessment and evaluation of operator responses. Faster root causeanalyses can be achieved by examining “what-if” scenarios and performingpattern searching for single alarm/event tags and for multiplealarm/event tags. As a particular example, the alarm management tool canbe used to identify nuisance and related alarms (such as duplicatealarms, consequential alarms, and alarm groups), provide suggestions toresolve them, enable simplified workflows to apply the suggestions, andenable the resolution of issues. As another particular example, thealarm management tool can be used to assess and evaluate if anoperator's response was timely, proper, or missing. As yet anotherparticular example, the alarm management tool can be used forinvestigating periods containing alarm floods or plant upsets. Thiscould be achieved by identifying if similar events or alarm patternswere present during a flood or plant upset period and checking if theflood or plant upset was a result of a group of alarms, such as alarmscaused by the failure of a single device or a system having multipledevices (like during a trip or shutdown).

Although FIG. 1 illustrates one example of an industrial process controland automation system 100, various changes may be made to FIG. 1. Forexample, the system 100 could include any number of sensors, actuators,controllers, networks, operator stations, control rooms, historians,servers, and other components. Also, the makeup and arrangement of thesystem 100 in FIG. 1 is for illustration only. Components could beadded, omitted, combined, further subdivided, or placed in any othersuitable configuration according to particular needs. Further,particular functions have been described as being performed byparticular components of the system 100. This is for illustration only.In general, control and automation systems are highly configurable andcan be configured in any suitable manner according to particular needs.In addition, FIG. 1 illustrates one example operational environmentwhere alarm management can be used to support alarm rationalization andresolution. This functionality can be used in any other suitable system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example device 200 supporting rationalization andresolution of alarms in an industrial process control and automationsystem according to this disclosure. For ease of explanation, the device200 may be described as being used in the system 100 of FIG. 1. Thedevice 200 could, for example, denote an operator console 110 or aserver 116 in FIG. 1. However, the device 200 could be used in any othersuitable system.

As shown in FIG. 2, the device 200 includes at least one processor 202,at least one storage device 204, at least one communications unit 206,and at least one input/output (I/O) unit 208. Each processor 202 canexecute instructions, such as those that may be loaded into a memory210. The instructions could implement the alarm management functionalitydescribed in this patent document. Each processor 202 denotes anysuitable processing device, such as one or more microprocessors,microcontrollers, digital signal processors, application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), ordiscrete circuitry.

The memory 210 and a persistent storage 212 are examples of storagedevices 204, which represent any structure(s) capable of storing andfacilitating retrieval of information (such as data, program code,and/or other suitable information on a temporary or permanent basis).The memory 210 may represent a random access memory or any othersuitable volatile or non-volatile storage device(s). The persistentstorage 212 may contain one or more components or devices supportinglonger-term storage of data, such as a read only memory, hard drive,Flash memory, or optical disc.

The communications unit 206 supports communications with other systemsor devices. For example, the communications unit 206 could include anetwork interface card or a wireless transceiver facilitatingcommunications over a wired or wireless network (such as the network108). The communications unit 206 may support communications through anysuitable physical or wireless communication link(s).

The I/O unit 208 allows for input and output of data. For example, theI/O unit 208 may provide a connection for user input through a keyboard,mouse, keypad, touchscreen, or other suitable input device. The I/O unit208 may also send output to a display, printer, or other suitable outputdevice.

Although FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a device 200 supportingrationalization and resolution of alarms in an industrial processcontrol and automation system, various changes may be made to FIG. 2.For example, components could be added, omitted, combined, furthersubdivided, or placed in any other suitable configuration according toparticular needs. Also, computing devices can come in a wide variety ofconfigurations, and FIG. 2 does not limit this disclosure to anyparticular configuration of computing device.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example functional architecture 300 supportingrationalization and resolution of alarms in an industrial processcontrol and automation system according to this disclosure. For ease ofexplanation, the architecture 300 may be described as being implementedusing the device 200 of FIG. 2 in the system 100 of FIG. 1. Thearchitecture 300 could, for example, be supported by an operator console110 or a server 116 in FIG. 1. However, the architecture 300 could beused by any other suitable device and in any other suitable system.

As shown in FIG. 3, the architecture 300 includes or is used inconjunction with a control system 302, which could denote the system 100of FIG. 1 or other process control and automation system. Thearchitecture 300 includes an alarm management tool 304, which generallydenotes a software tool or other logic that is used to manage alarmsthat are generated in the control system 302. For example, the alarmmanagement tool 304 could allow users to define the properties ofalarms, such as the condition(s) to be met for an alarm to be generated,the priority of the alarm when generated, and the recipient(s) of analarm. The alarm management tool 304 can be used by users to develop aneffective alarm strategy to improve safety, availability, orprofitability in the control system 302. The alarm management tool 304includes any suitable logic for collecting, storing, managing, andreporting alarms generated in a control system and related information(such as related events and operator actions). The alarm management tool304 could, for instance, denote the DYNAMO software suite from HONEYWELLINTERNATIONAL INC.

In this particular example, the alarm management tool 304 includesvarious functions 306-310 that support different operations of the alarmmanagement tool 304. A metrics and reporting (M&R) function 306 is usedto collect alarm and event data from various data sources in the controlsystem 302 and to present this information to users. Reports can begenerated using this information, and the reports can be used to gaininsight into a facility's performance and issues in its alarm systems.The M&R function 306 can also be used to visually compare alarm metricsagainst industry standards and identify deviations. Among other things,the M&R function 306 can be used to help reduce or eliminate nuisancealarms, ensure compliance, and improve analysis of alarms and events.

A documentation and enforcement (D&E) function 308 is used to help driveand sustain improvements in alarm management. For example, the D&Efunction 308 can be used to capture documentation, configuration, andrationalization data for alarms. This information can be used to helpmaintain engineered configurations over the lifecycle of equipment inthe control system 302. This information can also be used to ensure thatalarms are consistent with operating conditions of a facility.

A user alert/notification function 310 is used to generate alerts orother notifications for users, possibly before alarms are triggered inthe control system 302. This may allow, for example, users to definenotifications that can help improve situational awareness over anindustrial process without adding unnecessary alarms to the actualcontrol system 302. Near-real time alerts and other notifications couldbe generated to identify when process data is outside of specifiedlimits, which can provide an early indication of a problem before analarm is justified.

A knowledge model 312 is used by the M&R function 306 to store variousinformation used by the alarm management tool 304. The informationstored by the knowledge model 312 could vary as needed or desired. Forexample, the information stored by the knowledge model 312 could includedetails such as alarm tag relationships, relationships between alarmsand operator actions, settings of the alarm management tool 304, and anyother suitable information. The knowledge model 312 could be stored in apersistent memory (such as the persistent storage 212).

An analytics engine 314 is used by the D&E function 308 to process datacollected by the alarm management tool 304 and generate analyticsrelated to the data. The analytics generated by the analytics engine 314could include any suitable values, such as those described below. Theanalytics engine 314 could include any suitable logic for analyzingdata.

Although FIG. 3 illustrates one example of a functional architecture 300supporting rationalization and resolution of alarms in an industrialprocess control and automation system, various changes may be made toFIG. 3. For example, components could be added, omitted, combined,further subdivided, or placed in any other suitable configurationaccording to particular needs. As a particular example, each of thefunctions 306-310 could be divided into multiple sub-functions.

The following discussion describes functions that can be performed bythe alarm management tool 304 to analyze data and support alarmrationalization and resolution within an industrial process control andautomation system, such as the system 100. The alarm management tool 304supports data analytics and workflow that are applied to the task ofalarm management in order to enable faster root cause analysis toresolve related and nuisance alarms. These functions can involve datastored in the knowledge model 312 and processing performed by theanalytics engine 314. In the following discussion, the methods aredescribed as being performed by the alarm management tool 304 of FIG. 3executing on the device 200 of FIG. 2 in the system 100 of FIG. 1.However, these functions could be used by any other suitable device andin any other suitable system.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an example method 400 for rationalizingnuisance alarms (such as chattering and fleeting alarms) according tothis disclosure. In the following description, “nuisance alarms” include“chattering alarms” and “fleeting alarms.” A “chattering alarm” isgenerally an alarm that repeatedly transitions between active andinactive alarm states within a short period of time. A “fleeting alarm”is generally an alarm that transitions between active and inactive alarmstates within a short period of time. Depending on the implementation,the method 400 may be applied one alarm tag at a time or to multiplealarm tags at once, such as to all alarm tags generated at a givenplant, operator position, or area.

Historical data associated with an industrial process is obtained for asingle alarm tag or multiple alarms tags at step 401. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 retrieving historical data fromthe historian 114 or other source(s). The historical data could relateto a plant, a unit or other area of the plant, or other group of assetsimplementing one or more industrial processes. The historical data couldalso relate to a portion of a plant being managed by a particularoperator or a group of operators.

Current alarm settings are obtained for one or more alarm tags at step402. This could include, for example, the processor 202 retrieving thealarm settings from the control system 302 or from data stored by thealarm management tool 304. The alarm settings could include settingssuch as a timer on delay, a timer off delay, and a dead band for analarm. At least some of the alarm settings are typically used by asystem to require that a certain state be maintained for a period oftime before an action (such as alarm generation) occurs.

For each alarm tag, limits of the alarm settings are identified at step403. This could include, for example, the processor 202 identifying thelimits of the alarm settings based on information taken from theknowledge model 312 for one or more alarm tags. As a particular example,the allowable limits on the timer on delays, timer off delays, and deadbands may vary based on the criticality of the individual alarms. Forhighly-critical alarms, the timer on delay setting may be turned off orset to a very low value so that an alarm annunciation is not delayed.Higher values for the timer off delay settings may be allowed forcritical alarms. Similarly, based on process measurements like flowrate, material level, or temperature, different limits on the dead bandand timer off delay settings may be set. The knowledge model 312 couldbe used to provide the limits (typically expressed as range, minimum,and maximum values) for the different alarm setting values.

One or more initial sets of alarm settings to be tested are identifiedat step 404. This could include, for example, the processor 202identifying one or more initial sets of alarm settings for one or morealarm tags from the knowledge model 312. As a particular example, seedvalues of alarm settings could be obtained from typical range limits forthe alarms stored in the knowledge model 312.

A reduction in alarm count for each of the sets of alarm settings iscalculated at step 405. This could include, for example, the processor202 using a decision tree rule structure that is constructed based ondomain knowledge. The decision tree rule structure could be generatedusing techniques that include data contextualization, data ingestion(transformation and enrichment), distributed storage and processing, anddata classification and clustering.

As a particular example, assume that a data table includes rowscontaining alarms in the sequence in which the alarms were issued. Alsoassume that there is more than one row in the table, since theseoperations are not needed if a single alarm is present. Using the valuesfor the timer on and timer off delays from the prior step, the alarmsare analyzed row-by-row. Denote the current row being examined as thej^(th) row. For the j^(th) row, calculate the duration of the alarm andthe time between this alarm and the alarm in the (j+1)^(th) row. If thecalculated duration of the alarm is less than the corresponding timer ondelay, the alarm is a fleeting alarm, and the j^(th) row is deleted. Ifthe calculated time between the alarms is less than the correspondingtimer off delay, the alarm is a chattering alarm, the ending time of thealarm in the j^(th) row is set equal to the ending time of the alarm inthe (j+1)^(th) row, and the (j+1)^(th) row is deleted. The time betweenthe alarm in the j^(th) row and the new alarm in the new (j+1)^(th) rowcan be determined, and the ending time of the new alarm in the new(j+1)^(th) row could be transferred to the j^(th) row and the (j+1)^(th)row could be deleted if needed. This can continue until there is noindication that the alarms in the j^(th) row and the (j+1)^(th) row arechattering alarms. Once the processing of the j^(th) row is completed,the same process could be repeated for each subsequent row until thewhole table has been processed.

The reduction of alarm count for one or more alarm tags resulting fromthe one or more sets of settings is presented to a user at step 406.This could include, for example, the processor 202 generating andpresenting a decision matrix that identifies each set of settings andthe alarm reduction for each set. The decision matrix can assist theuser in selecting the desired settings (such as desired timer on delay,timer off delay, and dead band) from those presented based upon aconsideration of various factors, such as alarm criticality/severity.The user is presented with a visual preview of the impact ofrationalization for each set of settings at step 407. The visual previewdemonstrates the reduction of the alarm count for one or more of thealarm tags based on the associated set of settings. The alarm previewenables the user to visually differentiate between alarm occurrencerates with the current settings and with one or more proposed sets ofsettings. In some embodiments, time-series analysis of the alarmoccurrence rates, levels, trends, and seasonality of the alarm tags arecalculated and used for visualization as an aid to confirm the desiredalarm settings.

A determination is made whether the user selects one of the proposedsets of settings at step 408. If not, the method 400 returns to step 404for the selection of one or more other sets of settings. This may allow,for example, the user to engage in “what-if” analysis by selectingdifferent settings and repeating the analysis. Otherwise, if the userselects one of the proposed sets of settings, the user requests approvalto deploy the selected set of alarm settings at step 409. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 initiating a message indicatingthat approval is needed from a supervisor or other personnel. Ifapproved at step 410, the selected set of alarm settings is deployed atstep 411. This could include, for example, the processor 202 pushing theset of alarm settings to a control system or an alarm generation system.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method 500 for rationalizing duplicatealarms according to this disclosure. Duplicate alarms generallyrepresent different alarms that indicate the same abnormal situation.For example, if two or more alarms share the same measurement source andall of the alarms are triggered as having a “bad measurement,” it islikely that a failure of the measurement source is the cause of thealarms. Duplicate alarms that are identified can be rationalized invarious ways, such as by eliminating or suppressing one or more of thealarms or by converting one or more of the alarms into non-annunciatedalarms.

Historical data associated with an industrial process is obtained atstep 501. This could include, for example, the processor 202 retrievinginformation identifying alarms, events, operator actions, and operatingconditions from the historian 114 or other source(s). The historicaldata could relate to a plant, a unit or other area of the plant, orother group of assets implementing one or more industrial processes. Thehistorical data could also relate to a portion of a plant being managedby a particular operator or a group of operators.

Confirmation is obtained from a user whether nuisance alarms (such aschattering or fleeting alarms) in the historical data need to beresolved at step 502. This could include, for example, presenting atleast some of the historical data to the user for review. If the userconfirms that nuisance alarms need to be resolved, the alarms arereduced at step 503. This could include, for example, the processor 202performing the method 400 of FIGS. 4A and 4B to identify a set of alarmsettings that are selected by the user and that reduce the number ofnuisance alarms. If the user elects not to resolve nuisance alarms, theprocess skips to step 505.

The adjusted alarm instances that occur based on the selected set ofsettings are obtained at step 504. This could include, for example, theprocessor 202 identifying the alarms that would have been generatedbased on the selected set of alarm settings. Potential patterns ofduplicate alarms are identified at step 505. This could include, forexample, the processor 202 using data analytics to identify potentialduplicate alarm patterns.

Relation weights are calculated for pairs of alarm tags at step 506.This could include, for example, the processor 202 generating weightsfor all pairs of alarm tags within a given context, such as a given timeperiod and plant location. Relation weights identify the predictability(or probability) of a second alarm event occurring after a previousalarm event, and the significance (or probability) of an alarm eventalways preceding the second alarm event. Predictability can becalculated as the probability that, if a first alarm event occurs, asecond alarm event will follow immediately (within a specified timewindow). Significance can be calculated as the probability to inferthat, when the second alarm event occurs, the previous alarm event hasoccurred recently (within a specified time window). The calculatedvalues for predictability and significance can both be high whencalculated for alarm pairs that are duplicate alarms. In someembodiments, the calculated values are organized and stored in a graphstructure, where alarm tags are the vertices and the probabilities ofoccurrence are the weights on the edges. This graph structure can bemaintained over time, such as in the knowledge model 312. Example graphstructures are shown in FIG. 13, which is described below.

The results are presented to the user at step 507. This could include,for example, the processor 202 generating a graphical display presentinga list of potential duplicate alarms along with the degree of therelationship and potential impact/reduction on alarm count resultingfrom rationalization (suppression of duplicate alarms). This informationcould be presented to the user as a list, where the user could selectand approve the appropriate duplicate alarm relationships.

The user is allowed to approve duplicate alarm relationships at step508. This could include, for example, the processor 202 querying whetherthe user agrees that identified potential duplicate alarms actually areduplicate alarms. The user could identify those identified potentialduplicate alarms that appear correct or incorrect. Any approved alarmrelationships can be saved and persisted, and the user is enabled torationalize duplicate alarms at step 509. This could include, forexample, the processor 202 storing alarm relationships identified ascorrect by the user, such as in the knowledge model 312. This could alsoinclude the processor 202 applying the approved duplicate alarm patternsto reduce alarms. As particular examples, the second alarm in aduplicate pattern could be converted into a non-annunciated alarm(alert/event) or eliminated in the control system 302, or suppression bydesign could be applied in an event source system going through amanagement of change process.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an example method 600 for rationalizinggroups of alarms according to this disclosure. Generally, alarm groupsinclude multiple alarms, which could be triggered in scenarios such asan industrial equipment trip or shutdown. Also, an event involving anindustrial unit having multiple pieces of interlinked industrialequipment can cause a cascade of alarms. For example, a compressor unittrip may generate various alarms related to compressor parameters likepressure, temperature, flow, motor speed, and motor current, resultingin multiple alarms. However, the sequence of alarm tag activations for aparticular alarm group may not be identical for all instantiations ofthat group. An example technique for rationalizing a group of alarms isfirst-out alarming, which refers to determining when an alarm is thefirst alarm in a multiple-alarm scenario. Using this technique, thefirst occurring alarm in an alarm group could be permitted toannunciate, while the rest of the alarms can be suppressed.

Steps 601-604 may be the same as or similar to steps 501-504 discussedabove, and the process could skip to step 605 if the user elects not toresolve nuisance alarms. Potential groups of alarms are identified atstep 605. This could include, for example, the processor 202 using dataanalytics to identify groups of alarms that appear together in the data.An alarm tag is selected as a seed alarm tag at step 606. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 selecting the seed alarm tagbased on user input, tag criticality, or data stored in the knowledgemodel 312. A time window is selected for analysis at step 607. Thiscould include, for example, the processor 202 selecting the time windowbased on user input or data stored in the knowledge model 312. The timewindow is placed symmetrically around each occurrence of the seed alarmtag in the historical data at step 608, and all alarm tag eventsoccurring within the time windows are recorded for the time windows atstep 609.

The probability of each alarm tag occurring within the time windows ofthe seed alarm tag is calculated at step 610. This could include, forexample, the processor 202 calculating the probability for each alarmtag based on the number of time windows where each alarm tag appears andthe total number of time windows. In some embodiments, alarm tags can beconsidered individually and in sets of two, three, four, and so on untila maximum alarm tag count in any time window is reached.

A list of potential alarm groups is presented to the user at step 611.This could include, for example, the processor 202 generating agraphical display presenting a list of potential alarm groups along withoperating conditions in order of probability of occurrence within a timewindow. This information could be presented to the user as a list, wherethe user could select and approve the appropriate alarm grouprelationships.

The user is allowed to approve alarm group relationships at step 612.This could include, for example, the processor 202 querying whether theuser agrees that identified potential alarm groups actually are groupsof alarms. The user could identify those identified alarm groups thatappear correct or incorrect. Any approved alarm group relationships(along with details like seed alarm tags and operating conditions) aresaved and persisted, and the user can specify additional details for theapproved alarm groups at step 613. This could include, for example, theprocessor 202 storing alarm group relationships identified as correct bythe user, such as in the knowledge model 312. This could also includethe processor 202 receiving information like typical causes,resolutions, and consequences from the user and storing that informationin the knowledge model 312. The user is enabled to rationalize alarmgroups at step 614. This could include, for example, the processor 202applying the approved alarm group patterns to reduce alarms. Forinstance, a first-out alarming technique for the alarm group can beconfigured in an event source going through a management of changeprocess.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example method 700 for rationalizing consequentialalarms according to this disclosure. Here, two consequential alarms canbe rationalized using suppression by design (based on operatingcondition) techniques or other techniques. Generally, consequentialalarms are related alarms where a single alarm related to a piece ofindustrial equipment may trigger other alarms downstream in anindustrial process. For example, a pump trip alarm may result in lowpressure or low feed alarms in downstream equipment.

Steps 701-704 may be the same as or similar to steps 501-504 discussedabove, and the process could skip to step 705 if the user elects not toresolve nuisance alarms. Potential patterns of consequential alarms areidentified at step 705. This could include, for example, the processor202 using data analytics to identify alarm patterns where one alarmappears to be the cause of a subsequent alarm. Relation weights arecalculated at step 706, such as for all pairs of alarm tags within acontext like a time period and a plant location. As noted above,relation weights can include calculated values for predictability andsignificance.

A list of potential consequential alarms is presented to the user atstep 707. This could include, for example, the processor 202 generatinga graphical display presenting a list of potential consequential alarmsalong with a degree of the relationship, operating conditions, andpotential impact/reduction of the alarm count that will result fromrationalization. This information could be presented to the user as alist, where the user could select and approve the appropriateconsequential alarm relationships.

The user is allowed to approve consequential alarm relationships at step708. If so, the approved consequential alarm relationships (along withdetails such as operating conditions) are stored, and the user isenabled to rationalize consequential alarms at step 709. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 storing information about theapproved consequential alarm relationships in the knowledge model 312.This could also include the processor 202 applying the approvedconsequential alarm patterns to reduce alarms, such as by applyingsuppression by design techniques (based on operating condition) in anevent source system going through a management of change process.

Note that while the methods 500-700 here allow a user to identify howalarm rationalization can occur for duplicate alarms, groups of alarms,and consequential alarms, the functionality of the alarm management tool304 can be used in other ways to support other functions. For example,processes for evaluating the relationships between alarms and requiredoperator responses allow users to evaluate and assess the effectivenessof operator responses, such as whether particular personnel issuedproper responses in a timely manner.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example method 800 for identifyingalarm-to-operator action relationships to aid in assessing operatorresponses according to this disclosure. Steps 801-804 may be the same asor similar to steps 501-504 discussed above, and the process could skipto step 805 if the user elects not to resolve nuisance alarms.

Potential relationships between alarms and operator actions areidentified at step 805. This could include, for example, the processor202 using data analytics to identify potential alarm to operator actionrelationships, with rankings based on the degree of relationship.Relation weights are calculated for the alarm and operator actionrelationships at step 806, such as within a given context (like a giventime period and plant location). Here, predictability can be calculatedas the probability that, if an alarm event occurs, an operator actionevent will follow immediately (within a specified time window).Significance can be calculated as the probability that, when theoperator action event occurs, the previous alarm event has occurredrecently (within a specified time window). In some embodiments, thecalculated values are organized and stored in a graph structure, such aswhen operator actions occurring after alarm events are integrated asvertices into the graph and the probability of occurrence and the timeperiod between the alarm and the operator action are stored as weightson the edges.

A list of potential alarm and operator action relationships is presentedto the user at step 807. This could include, for example, the processor202 generating a graphical display presenting a list of potential alarmand operator action relationships, along with the degrees ofrelationship (such as in the form of relation weights), operatingconditions, and response times. This information could be presented tothe user as a list, where the user could select and approve theappropriate alarm to operator action relationships.

The user may approve alarm and operator action relationships at step808. If so, the approved alarm and operator action relationships aresaved, and the user may modify and save settings at step 809. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 storing information about theapproved alarm and operator action relationships in the knowledge model312. This could also include the processor 202 receiving changes toallowable response times, magnitudes of response limits, magnitudes ofviolation limits, and operating conditions for the alarm and operatoraction relationships. These values can be stored in the knowledge model312.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example method 900 for assessing andevaluating operator responses according to this disclosure. Steps901-904 may be the same as or similar to steps 501-504 discussed above,and the process could skip to step 905 if the user elects not to resolvenuisance alarms.

A determination is made whether evaluation of operator response shouldbe performed at step 905. This could include, for example, the processor202 determining whether a user has indicated that adequate alarm tooperator action relationships have been identified. If new alarm tooperator action relationships are needed, additional relationships areidentified at step 906. This could include, for example, the processor202 performing the method 800 of FIG. 8. When a graph structure is usedto represent data, new relationships can be appended to the graphstructure by the addition of new vertices, edges, and correspondingweights.

Approved relationships between alarms and operator actions are obtainedat step 907. This could include, for example, the processor 202obtaining the approved relationships from the knowledge model 312, alongwith settings such as operating conditions, allowable response times,magnitudes of response limits, and magnitudes of violation limits forthe relationships. For the alarms in the historical data, the operatorresponse times for the alarms are estimated at step 908. During thisstep, the processor 202 can consider whether different operatingconditions may need different operator responses.

A determination is made as to whether there are deviations for theoperator response times from an allowable response time to verify timelyresponses, and any deviations are estimated at step 909. For example, ifthe allowable response time is ten minutes and the actual response timeis fifteen minutes, there is a deviation of five minutes. The magnitudesof response limits and the magnitudes of violation limits are alsochecked against allowable limits to verify for proper responses, and anydeviations are calculated at step 910. For instance, a user could haveincreased an output value more than a prescribed limit (such as 30%against an allowable 20% magnitude), or the user could have allowed analarm deviation to go beyond prescribed limits (such as 15 against anallowable 5). A check is made for any missing actions for any of thealarms at step 911. For example, there may be alarm instances where nooperator actions could be located.

The results are presented to the user at step 912. For example, theprocessor 202 could generate a graphical display presenting highlightingdeviations like delays in response times, deviations with respect tomagnitudes of response limits and magnitudes of violation limits, ormissing operator actions/responses. These results can help the user toevaluate and assess the operator responses easily, including whetherproper operator responses occurred.

The functionality of the alarm management tool 304 can further be usedto provide various processes for diagnosing incidents (such as alarmfloods or plant upsets) and performing incident root cause analyses.Generally, alarm floods and plant upsets are situations where the rateof alarm annunciations is very high. While investigating periodscontaining alarm floods or plant upsets, it may be useful for a user toknow if there are any similar events or alarm patterns during theperiod. It may also be useful for the user to know if a flood or plantupset was the result of a group of alarms caused by a failure of asingle device or a system having multiple devices (trip or shutdown).For known event patterns, alarm groups (such as from the knowledge model312) identified during incident diagnosis or root cause analysis, thecauses, consequences, and resolutions can be identified from theknowledge model 312.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 for finding event patternsaccording to this disclosure. Steps 1001-1004 may be the same as orsimilar to steps 501-504 discussed above, and the process could skip tostep 1005 if the user elects not to resolve nuisance alarms.

Data analytics are used to identify potential event patterns at step1005. This could include, for example, the processor 202 using dataanalytics to identify potential patterns in alarms. Event patternrelationships can include different types of events (such as processevents, alarms, and operator responses). Relation weights are calculatedfor pairs of event tags, such as within a context, at step 1006. Here,predictability can be calculated as the probability that, if an eventoccurs, a second event will follow immediately (within a specified timewindow). Significance can be calculated as the probability that, whenthe second event occurs, the previous event has occurred recently(within a specified time window). In some embodiments, the calculatedvalues are organized and stored in a graph structure.

From events pairs, pattern chains can be found at step 1007. This couldinclude, for example, the processor 202 using combinatorial patternmatching to identify the pattern chains. A list of potential patternrelationships is presented to a user at step 1008. This could include,for example, the processor 202 generating a graphical displayidentifying a list of the potential event pattern relationships forminga group of events, along with rankings based on degrees of relationship,occurrences in history, and operating conditions. This information couldbe presented to the user as a list, where the user could select andapprove the appropriate event pattern relationships.

The user may approve event pattern relationships at step 1009. If so,the approved event pattern relationships and operating conditions aresaved, and the user could specify additional details for the approvedevent patterns at step 1010. This could include, for example, theprocessor 202 storing information about the approved event patternrelationships in the knowledge model 312. This could also include theprocessor 202 receiving typical causes, resolutions, and consequencesfrom the user and storing this information in the knowledge model 312.The additional information may be useful for diagnosing incidents andperforming incident root cause analysis.

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate an example method 1100 for diagnosingincidents and performing incident root cause analysis according to thisdisclosure. Steps 1101-1104 may be the same as or similar to steps501-504 discussed above, and the process could skip to step 1105 if theuser elects not to resolve nuisance alarms.

A determination is made whether to diagnose incidents and perform rootcause analysis based on existing event patterns and alarm groups at step1105. This could include, for example, the processor 202 determiningwhether a user has indicated that adequate event patterns have beenidentified. If not, new event patterns are found at step 1106, such asby performing the method 1000 of FIG. 10 described above.

Existing event patterns and operating conditions, along with additionaldetails, are obtained at step 1107. This could include, for example, theprocessor 202 obtaining the event patterns and operating conditions fromthe knowledge model 312, along with additional details such as causes,consequences, and resolutions associated with the event patterns.Existing alarm group relationships, alarm tag seeds, and operatingconditions, along with additional details, are obtained at step 1108.This could include, for example, the processor 202 obtaining the alarmgroup relationships, alarm tag seeds, and operating conditions from theknowledge model 312, along with additional details like typical causes,resolutions, and consequences associated with the alarm grouprelationships. Optionally, the user may select one or more patterns oralarm groups for diagnosing incidents and performing root cause analysisat step 1109.

The historical data is analyzed for any similarities among selectedevent patterns or alarm groups at step 1110. This could include, forexample, the processor 202 analyzing the historical data to determinewhether events in the historical data are similar to or match the eventpatterns or alarm groups. Operator actions can also be considered here.The recurrence of the event patterns and alarm groups in the historicaldata are identified at step 1111. This could include, for example, theprocessor 202 determining the counts or number of times that eventpatterns and alarm groups occur in the historical data.

The results for the event patterns and alarm groups are presented atstep 1112. This could include, for example, the processor 202 generatinga graphical display that lists the event patterns and alarm groups andtheir associated counts, along with recurrences that have beenidentified in the historical data and related details like causes,consequences, and resolutions. Among other things, this can be used toaid users in diagnosing incidents. For instance, a user can verify if anevent pattern or alarm group is recurring many times during a plantupset and can determine if similar event patterns or alarm groups areobserved during different plant upsets. The additional details such ascauses, consequences, and resolutions from the knowledge model 312 canaid in the performance of incident root cause analysis.

Based on the current incident root cause analysis, the user mayoptionally modify details at step 1113. This could include, for example,the processor 202 receiving updated information defining causes,consequences, or resolutions for the event patterns or alarm groups.This could also include the processor 202 receiving additional detailsthat would enable better incident diagnosis or root cause analysis forthe future. This information could then be stored in the knowledge model312.

Although FIGS. 4A through 11B have illustrated example methods foranalytics-driven alarm rationalization, assessment of operator response,and incident diagnosis, various changes may be made to FIGS. 4A through11B. For example, while each method is shown as a series of steps,various steps in each method could overlap, occur in parallel, occur ina different order, or occur any number of times.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example decision matrix 1200 that can bepresented to a user according to this disclosure. The decision matrix1200 could, for example, be generated by the processor 202 and presentedto a user at step 406 in the method 400 of FIG. 4. The decision matrix1200 could be used to support the reduction of nuisance alarms.

As shown in FIG. 12, the decision matrix 1200 includes multiple cells1202 arranged in rows and columns. Each cell 1202 associates a value ofa timer off delay and a value of a timer on delay, which are arrangedalong the two axes of the decision matrix 1200. Each cell 1202 herecontains a value denoting a percentage in alarm count reduction obtainedusing the different timer off delays and timer on delays. For example,setting each timer to five seconds in this example reduces the overallalarm count by 33%. One or more decision matrices 1200 can be presentedto a user so that the user can review how one or more sets of alarmsettings result in changes to the alarm counts.

Although FIG. 12 illustrates one example of a decision matrix 1200 thatcan be presented to a user, various changes may be made to FIG. 12. Forexample, the contents of the decision matrix 1200 in FIG. 12 are forillustration only.

FIG. 13 illustrates example contents of a knowledge model 312 supportingrationalization and resolution of alarms according to this disclosure.As described above, the knowledge model 312 is used to store variousinformation used by the alarm management tool 304. As shown in FIG. 13,the knowledge model 312 can store data defining one or more graphshaving vertices 1302 and edges 1304. The vertices 1302 can representalarm, operator actions, or events. The edges 1304 can representassociations between the various tags 1302. As noted above,probabilities of tags being associated can include predictability andsignificance values, which can be represented by the edges 1304.

The first two rows in FIG. 13 show simple associations of two tags witha single connecting edge. The top row associates two alarm tags, whichmay have some relationship (such as being duplicate or consequentialalarms or in an alarm group). The second row associates one alarm tagand one operator action tag, which could indicate that the operatoraction took place in response to the alarm tag. The last graph portionincludes six tags (four alarm tags and two operator tags) that have amore complex relationship. This can be extended for any number of alarm,event, operator action, or other tags.

The knowledge model 312 could also include at least one table 1306storing alarm groups and probabilities for those groups. As noted above,an alarm group represents a group of alarms that are likely to appeartogether, such as by being caused by a common cause.

Although FIG. 13 illustrates one example of the contents of a knowledgemodel 312 supporting rationalization and resolution of alarms, variouschanges may be made to FIG. 13. For example, the contents of theknowledge model 312 in FIG. 13 are for illustration only. Also, the useof vertices, edges, and tables denote logical ways that data can beassociated, but that data could be physically stored and associated inany suitable manner.

In some embodiments, various functions described in this patent documentare implemented or supported by a computer program that is formed fromcomputer readable program code and that is embodied in a computerreadable medium. The phrase “computer readable program code” includesany type of computer code, including source code, object code, andexecutable code. The phrase “computer readable medium” includes any typeof medium capable of being accessed by a computer, such as read onlymemory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, a compactdisc (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), or any other type of memory. A“non-transitory” computer readable medium excludes wired, wireless,optical, or other communication links that transport transitoryelectrical or other signals. A non-transitory computer readable mediumincludes media where data can be permanently stored and media where datacan be stored and later overwritten, such as a rewritable optical discor an erasable storage device.

It may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words andphrases used throughout this patent document. The terms “application”and “program” refer to one or more computer programs, softwarecomponents, sets of instructions, procedures, functions, objects,classes, instances, related data, or a portion thereof adapted forimplementation in a suitable computer code (including source code,object code, or executable code). The term “communicate,” as well asderivatives thereof, encompasses both direct and indirect communication.The terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, meaninclusion without limitation. The term “or” is inclusive, meaningand/or. The phrase “associated with,” as well as derivatives thereof,may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, becontained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicablewith, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be boundto or with, have, have a property of, have a relationship to or with, orthe like. The phrase “at least one of,” when used with a list of items,means that different combinations of one or more of the listed items maybe used, and only one item in the list may be needed. For example, “atleast one of: A, B, and C” includes any of the following combinations:A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A and B and C.

The description in the present application should not be read asimplying that any particular element, step, or function is an essentialor critical element that must be included in the claim scope. The scopeof patented subject matter is defined only by the allowed claims.Moreover, none of the claims invokes 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) with respect toany of the appended claims or claim elements unless the exact words“means for” or “step for” are explicitly used in the particular claim,followed by a participle phrase identifying a function. Use of termssuch as (but not limited to) “mechanism,” “module,” “device,” “unit,”“component,” “element,” “member,” “apparatus,” “machine,” “system,”“processor,” or “controller” within a claim is understood and intendedto refer to structures known to those skilled in the relevant art, asfurther modified or enhanced by the features of the claims themselves,and is not intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f).

While this disclosure has described certain embodiments and generallyassociated methods, alterations and permutations of these embodimentsand methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly,the above description of example embodiments does not define orconstrain this disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterationsare also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of thisdisclosure, as defined by the following claims.

1. A method comprising: identifying changes in an alarm count for atleast one alarm to be generated in an industrial process control andautomation system, the changes in the alarm count based on a pluralityof different sets of alarm settings; presenting the changes in the alarmcount to a user; receiving a selection of one of the sets of alarmsettings; and configuring the industrial process control and automationsystem with the selected set of alarm settings to enable the industrialprocess control and automation system to generate the least one alarmusing the selected set of alarm settings.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein, for each of at least some of the sets of alarm settings, thechanges in the alarm count identify a reduced number of alarms to begenerated by the industrial process control and automation system. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein each of the sets of alarm settingsincludes one or more timer settings and a dead band setting.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein presenting the changes in the alarm countcomprises presenting the changes in the alarm count in a decisionmatrix.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating at leastone of the sets of alarm settings based on seed values contained in aknowledge model.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receivingat least one approval to configure the industrial process control andautomation system with the selected set of alarm settings. 7.-20.(canceled)
 21. A system comprising: at least one processing deviceconfigured to: identify changes in an alarm count for at least one alarmto be generated in an industrial process control and automation system,the changes in the alarm count based on a plurality of different sets ofalarm settings; present the changes in the alarm count to a user;receive a selection of one of the sets of alarm settings; and configurethe industrial process control and automation system with the selectedset of alarm settings to enable the industrial process control andautomation system to generate the least one alarm using the selected setof alarm settings.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein, for each of atleast some of the sets of alarm settings, the changes in the alarm countidentify a reduced number of alarms to be generated by the industrialprocess control and automation system.
 23. The system of claim 21,wherein each of the sets of alarm settings includes one or more timersettings and a dead band setting.
 24. The system of claim 21, whereinthe at least one processing device is configured to present the changesin the alarm count in a decision matrix.
 25. The system of claim 21,wherein the at least one processing device is further configured to:generate at least one of the sets of alarm settings based on seed valuescontained in a knowledge model.
 26. The system of claim 21, wherein theat least one processing device is further configured to: receive atleast one approval to configure the industrial process control andautomation system with the selected set of alarm settings.
 27. Anon-transitory computer readable medium containing instructions that,when executed by at least one processing device, cause the at least oneprocessing device to: identify changes in an alarm count for at leastone alarm to be generated in an industrial process control andautomation system, the changes in the alai m count based on a pluralityof different sets of alarm settings; present the changes in the alarmcount to a user; receive a selection of one of the sets of alarmsettings; and configure the industrial process control and automationsystem with the selected set of alarm settings to enable the industrialprocess control and automation system to generate the least one alarmusing the selected set of alarm settings.
 28. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 27, wherein, for each of at least someof the sets of alarm settings, the changes in the alarm count identify areduced number of alarms to be generated by the industrial processcontrol and automation system.
 29. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 27, wherein each of the sets of alarm settings includesone or more timer settings and a dead band setting.
 30. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 27, wherein theinstructions to present the changes in the alarm count compriseinstructions to present the changes in the alarm count in a decisionmatrix.
 31. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 27,wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processingdevice to: generate at least one of the sets of alarm settings based onseed values contained in a knowledge model.
 32. The non-transitorycomputer readable medium of claim 27, wherein the instructions furthercause the at least one processing device to: receive at least oneapproval to configure the industrial process control and automationsystem with the selected set of alarm settings.